Structural Engineering Centrifugal Pump Test Laboratory Engineering Essay

Structural Engineering Centrifugal Pump Test Laboratory Engineering Essay This report examines the centrifugal pump. Firstly by examining the system head characteristic, then by examining the effects varying the motor speed has on a single pump. Finally the report examines and compares the use of two pumps in series and then in parallel. Theoretically examination of the system head characteristic should yield a graph of system head against volume flowrate which is curved, the curve should begin above zero from the y axis, due to static lift. Theoretically examination of the effect of varying motor speed across a system of a single pump should show that higher motor speeds lead to higher efficiency in the pump system along with larger changes of power across the system, and a larger drop in head values. Finally comparison of a system with two pumps used in series and in parallel should show that the method used will not have an effect on the efficiency of the system. However it should also show that the system in series has twice the head values of that in parallel and that the system in parallel has twice the volume flowrate values of the system in series. Overall they should have the same Mass flow. Upon comparison of the results obtained with theory, it is evident that for the most part, the experimental results agree with theory. Any minor disagreements between theory and experimentation will be explained in the discussions and conclusions section of this report. This report serves to display knowledge and understanding of the operation of a centrifugal pump gained from completion of the experiment. Introduction The purpose of this laboratory is to study the operation and performance of a centrifugal pump. Centrifugal pumps are an example of a fluid machine. Fluid machines are devices that transfer energy to or from a fluid. Fluid machines include pumps, fans and compressors. This experiment deals with a pump. Pumps are devices used to move gases or liquids from lower to higher pressure. The difference in pressure is overcome by adding energy to the system. Specifically, centrifugal pumps operate by converting rotational kinetic energy into hydro dynamic energy. The rotational energy is typically supplied by an engine or electric motor or turbine. Centrifugal Pumps are an important machine to study from an engineering point of view as they are very widely used as a means of delivering liquids. Centrifugal pumps are used in fields such as sewage, petroleum and petrochemical pumping. For the purpose of this report the centrifugal pump was studied in terms of its performance when a single pump was used and also when two pumps were used (both in series and in parallel). The purpose being to highlight the effects this had on results. The system characteristic was also investigated. The overall purpose of this experiment is to give a better understanding and insight into how this fluid machine works. Below is an image of a centrifugal pump. A greater insight into how it operates and an explanation of the function of the various parts will be provided later in the report. http://www.pumpfundamentals.com/images/closed_impeller.gif Figure 1 Centrifugal Pump Diagram 1 Objectives The primary aim of this laboratory is to gain a better understanding of pumps, in particular the centrifugal pump. Insight is gained into the principles of operation of a centrifugal pump and the process through which a pump transfers energy to a fluid system. There are three parts to this experiment: To determine the system characteristic for the fluid system on which the pump operates. To determine the performance of a single pump relative to motor speed. To determine (for a fixed motor speed) the performance of two centrifugal pumps; Operating in series (ii) Operating in parallel Theory Basic theory and workings of Centrifugal pump As previously stated, the principle operation of a centrifugal pump  is to convert fluid velocity into pressure energy.  The pump is made up of three components; the inlet duct, the  impeller, and the volute. http://htmlimg2.scribdassets.com/4sp8x32v9cejngi/images/4-dd8b7539b4.jpg Figure 2: Centrifugal Pump Diagram 2 Fluid enters the inlet duct (D).  As the shaft (A) rotates, the impeller (B), which is connected to the shaft, also  rotates.  The impeller consists  of a number of blades  that  project the fluid outward when rotating.  This centrifugal force gives the fluid a high velocity.  Next, the moving fluid passes  through the pump case (C)  and then into the volute (E).  The volute chamber  has a uniformly increasing area.  This increasing  area decreases the fluids  velocity, which converts the  velocity energy into pressure energy. 2 Determining the System Characteristic The first step of the experiment is to identify the system characteristic of the pump. When a pump is fitted in a system, it is tested so as to ensure that the volume flow-rate and head of the pump are within required specifications. The Volume flow rate can be defined as the volume of the fluid that passes through a given surface per unit time, and the head of the pump is a measure of the fluid energy. In order to do this we must find the pump head and the volume flow rate. We then plot the pump head (expressed in metres) against the volume flow rate (expressed in m3/s). This should yield a curve. The system head characteristic is dependent on static lift which is associated with change in elevation of the fluid, contraction or expansion of the fluid associated with acceleration and deceleration of the fluid, and the losses within the system. Below is a theoretical graph, showing how the curve should appear. http://www.climatechange.gov.au/what-you-need-to-know/appliances-and-equipment/electric-motors/system-optimisation/optimising-pump-and-fan-applications/~/media/Images/electric-motor/system-curve.ashx?w=447h=324as=1 Example graph for system head characteristic3 When a pump is attached to a system the operating point occurs when the pump head hpump equals the system head hsystem. The optimum operating conditions occur when the required duty point of head and flow intersects the operating point and the design point, the point of maximum efficiency. Single Centrifugal Pump Characteristics The next aspect of the experiment is to determine the performance of a single pump as a function of motor speed. The performance of a pump is generally mapped by plotting pump head (hpump), electrical power (Pelectrical) and pump efficiency (ÃŽÂ ·pump) as a function of the volume flow rate Q through the pump. The use of a single pump is investigated for three different motor speeds, measuring the effect varying the motor speed has on pump head, electrical power and efficiency. These values are then plotted on a graph against the volume flow rate. Theoretically; Higher speeds yield higher efficiency Higher motor speeds lead to a larger change in power across the system. Higher motor speeds yield higher head values (expressed in metres). Double Centrifugal Pump Characteristics The final aspect of this experiment is the investigation of the effects of the use of two centrifugal pumps on the system. The pumps are placed in series and then in parallel. Both systems, i.e. the pump system which is in series and that which is in parallel are set to the same motor speed. In both cases head, electrical power and efficiency are measured and plotted against volume flow rate. The graph for the system in series can then be compared to the graph for the system in parallel, in order to study and compare the different systems. Centrifugal pumps both in series are used to overcome larger system head loss than one pump can handle alone, whereas centrifugal pumps in parallel are used to overcome larger volume flows than one pump can handle alone.4 When running in series, the heads are added and the total capacity is equal to that of the pump with the smallest capacity, whereas in parallel, the capacities of the pumps are added, and the head of all pumps will be equal at the point where the discharged liquids recombine.5 Theoretically whether the system is in series or in parallel shouldnt affect the efficiency of the system. Experimental Methods Equipment Used- The primary piece of equipment used was the centrifugal pump, a detailed explanation of its operation can be found in the theory section of this report (see page 6). We also use a differential pressure transducer, which is a type of pressure sensor. We use a computer to measure and record data. Methods- System Head Characteristic Open valve V1 and close valve V2 located in the inlet pipelines to pumps 1 and 2. Close valve V3 which connects the outlet pipeline from pump 1 to the inlet pipeline to pump 2 Open valve V4 located in the outlet pipeline from pump 1. Open the discharge valve V5 to approximately 75% of its fully opened position. Disconnect the low pressure line connecting differential pressure transducer to upstream of pump 1. Record the motor speed, the discharge volume flow rate, the pressure measured by the differential pressure transducer and the system head. Increase the speed of motor 1 incrementally, at each increment repeat the above step and continue to do so until the motor speed had reached its maximum. Plot the system head characteristic against volume flow rate. Single Pump Open valve V1 and close valve V2 located in the inlet pipelines to pumps 1 and 2. Close valve V3 connecting the outlet pipeline from pump 1 to the inlet pipeline to pump 2 Open valve V4 located in the outlet pipeline from pump 1. Close fully the discharge valve V5. Set the speed of the motor connected to pump 1 using the motor speed controller to 45 Hz Record the Volume flowrate Q, the pump head hp, the electrical power consumed Pelectrical and the pump efficiency ÃŽÂ ·pump. Open valve V5 incrementally, at each increment repeating the above step and continuing until the valve is fully opened. Plot pump head, electrical power and efficiency against volume flow rate Q at that motor speed. Repeat the procedure for motor speeds of 35 and 40Hz. Double Pump In Series Open valve V1 and close valve V2 located in the inlet pipelines to pumps 1 and 2. Open valve V3 connecting the outlet pipeline from pump 1 to the inlet pipeline to pump 2. Close valve V4 located in the outlet pipeline from pump 1. Close fully the discharge valve V5. Set the speed of the both motors connected to pump 1 2 to 45 Hz using the motor speed controller. Record the volume flowrate Q, the pump head hp, the electrical power consumed Pelectrical and the pump efficiency ÃŽÂ ·pump. Open valve V5 incrementally, at each increment repeating the above step and continuing until the valve is fully opened. Plot pump head, electrical power and efficiency against volume flow rate Q at that motor speed. In Parallel Open valve V1 and close valve V2 located in the inlet pipelines to pumps 1 and 2. Open valve V3 connecting the outlet pipeline from pump 1 to the inlet pipeline to pump 2. Close valve V4 located in the outlet pipeline from pump 1. Close fully the discharge valve V5. Set the speed of the both motors connected to pump 1 2 to 45 Hz using the motor speed controller. Record the volume flowrate Q, the pump head hp, the electrical power consumed Pelectrical and the pump efficiency ÃŽÂ ·pump. Open valve V5 incrementally, at each increment repeating the above step and continuing until the valve is fully opened. Plot pump head, electrical power and efficiency against volume flow rate Q at that motor speed. Experimental Results System characteristic for the fluid system Below is the table of results for the determination of the system characteristic for the fluid system; Motor speed N (Hz) Vol FlowrateQ(m3/s) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  Psystem Pa Hsystem (m) 14 0 0.716 0.123333 21 0.188667 3.223 0.376667 25 0.368333 4.296667 0.486667 32 0.477667 6.911 0.753333 35 0.545667 8.450667 0.91 39 0.647667 10.06167 1.073333 42 0.714 12.71167 1.346667 47 0.796333 14.93167 1.573333 The graph for the system characteristic (Hsystem against Volume flowrate) is below: Graph 1 (System Characteristic) Single Pump Test Single Pump Test for Motor Speed 45 Hz- Below is the table of results for the single pump test at a motor speed of 45Hz; Vol Flowrate Q(m3/s) Head (m) Efficiency % Power W 0 8.786667 0 109.9433 0 8.443333 0 109.05 0 7.116667 0 116.8633 0 6.98 0 130.5333 0 7.306667 0 163.25 0.246333 7.32 9.7 181.8867 0.332667 7.186667 11.9 197.02 0.427333 7.016667 14.3 205.6467 0.537 6.833333 15.93333 226.0733 0.619667 6.38 16.53333 234.2133 0.738333 5.876667 17.1 249.1867 0.781333 5.703333 16.76667 260.4133 The corresponding graphs for the single pump test at motor speed 45Hz are below; Total Motor Power (W) Single Pump Test for Motor Speed 40Hz- Below is the table of results for the single pump test at a motor speed of 40 Hz; Vol Flowrate Q(m3/s) Head (m) Efficiency % Power W 0 6.251868 0 128.0131 0.376333 5.406667 10.96667 178.8733 0.55 5.19 13.4 208.5767 0.675 4.706667 13.7 226.7267 0.7335 4.525 13.7 237.915 The corresponding graphs for the single pump test at motor speed 40Hz are below; Total Motor Power (W) Single Pump Test for Motor Speed 35 Hz- Below is the table of results for the single pump test at a motor speed of 35 Hz; Vol Flowrate Q(m3/s) Head (m) Efficiency % Power W 0.054 4.722434 1.633333 118.0014 0.305667 4.276667 7.066667 170.9 0.592 3.65 9.666667 218.18 0.632333 3.546667 9.666667 226.3167 0.630333 3.343333 9.166667 225.1767 The corresponding graphs for the single pump test at motor speed 35Hz are below; Total Motor Power (W) Double Pump Test System in series- Below are the results of the double pump test for a system in series- Vol Flowrate Q(m3/s) Head (m) Efficiency % Power Motor 1 (W Power Motor 2 (W) Total Motor Power (W) 0 18.21333 0 109.2933 55.99 165.2833 0 15.38 0 128.4167 54.69 183.1067 0.255667 14.80333 15.16667 181.3167 62.82667 244.1433 0.43 14.38667 23.5 201.0067 57.37 258.3767 0.537667 13.70667 26.7 218.67 51.43 270.1 0.618667 13.08 26.86667 240.3967 54.44333 294.84 0.730333 11.65 26.96667 256.1867 52.89667 309.0833 0.852667 9.826667 25.06667 272.6233 54.68667 327.31 0.883333 9.863333 25.16667 278.16 60.62667 338.7867 The corresponding graphs for the double pump test for a system in series are below; Total Motor Speed (W) System in parallel- Below is the table of results for the double pump test for a system in parallel; Volume Flowrate Q (m3/s) Head (m) Efficiency (%) Motor Power 1 (W) Motor Power 2 (W) Total Motor Power (W) 0 9.19667 0 111.327 63.8833 175.21 0.277 7.6 11 134.847 52.49 187.3367 0.47167 7.67 17.3 144.773 60.1367 204.91 0.598 7.41667 20.1333 152.917 62.7467 215.6634 0.72033 7.33667 22.8333 165.443 61.28 226.7233 0.83633 7.39667 27 171.06 53.3867 224.4467 0.97033 7.11667 27.7 191.243 52.7333 243.9766 1.11633 6.85 28.3667 201.337 62.7433 264.08 1.29767 6.70667 31.9667 210.613 56.2367 266.85 1.37667 6.33 29.9667 228.597 55.6633 284.26 1.554 6.02667 30.9 241.21 59.4867 300.6967 1.63033 5.73 30 244.14 60.7933 304.9333 The corresponding graphs for the double pump test for a system in parallel are below; Total Motor Power (W) Discussion Conclusions This section of the report contains a discussion of the results obtained along with conclusions drawn from said results and also where necessary, comments regarding any unexpected values. System Head Characteristic The first part of the experiment was conducted in order to attain a system head characteristic curve. Volume flowrate, measured in m3/s, was mapped against Head, which is measured in metres. We would expect this to yield a smooth curve starting above the zero mark form the y- axis, in order to allow for static lift in the pump system. As expected the system head characteristic was found to be a curve, starting slightly above the zero mark on the y axis, therefore for the most part, results were conclusive with theory. However there is one discrepancy between expected results and the actual results obtained, as the curve is not entirely smooth. Some possible reasons for the slightly irregular shape of the curve are; Single Pump Test The second part of this experiment was to investigate the effect changing motor speed has on a pump. In order to conduct this investigation pump head (hpump), electrical power (Pelectrical), pump efficiency (ÃŽÂ ·pump) and volume flowrate (Q) were measured for a variety of motor speeds. Then hpump, Pelectrical and ÃŽÂ ·pump were mapped against Q for each motor speed. The reason for this being to highlight the effects changing motor speed has on the centrifugal pump system. We expect firstly that higher motor speeds yield higher efficiency, secondly that higher motor speeds lead to a larger change in power across the system and finally that higher motor speeds yield higher head values. Upon studying the results of the experiment we can see that they match up with theory. Efficiency- Theory- Efficiency, simply put, refers to how well a pump can convert one form of energy into another. In this case how well the pump converts rotational kinetic energy into hydrodynamic energy. The overall efficiency of a centrifugal pump is defined as the ratio of the water (output) power to the shaft (input) power. By increasing the speed at which the motor rotates the shaft, the shafts power is increased, therefore the value of efficiency is increased. Results- Higher motor speeds did in the case of this experiment did yield higher values for efficiency. For a motor speed of 45 Hz the highest efficiency value obtained was approximately 16.7%, for a motor speed of 40Hz Hz the highest efficiency value obtained was approximately 13.7% and finally for the lowest motor speed used, 35Hz, highest efficiency was approximately 9.16%. Power Change- Theory- Power can be defined as a work/time ratio. The work in the case of this experiment is the rotation of the shaft by the motor, which in turn creates a centrifugal force in the water. For a faster motor speed, the shaft rotates faster, meaning that more work is done per unit time. This means a greater rise in the power value. Results- In this experiment, as expected, higher motor speeds yielded larger changes in power across the system. For a motor speed of 45 Hz the rise in power in across the system was approximately 150.47 watts. For a motor speed of 40 Hz the rise in power in across the system was approximately 109.9 watts. Finally, for the lowest motor speed used, 35 Hz, the change in power in across the system was approximately 107.18 watts. Head- Theory- Head is the height at which a pump can raise water up. The higher the value of pressure, the higher the value of head will be. Since raising rotational speed strongly affects pressure loss of a fluid, we can see that it also affects head loss.    Results- In this experiment, as expected, higher motor speeds lead to a greater loss in head (measured in metres) across the system. For a motor speed of 45 Hz the drop in head across the system was approximately 3.09 metres. For a motor speed of 40 Hz drop in head across the system was approximately 1.727 metres. Finally, for the lowest motor speed used, 35 Hz, drop in head across the system was approximately 1.38 metres. Double Pump Test The final part of the experiment was to investigate (for a fixed motor speed); the performance of two centrifugal pumps; firstly operating in series and secondly operating in parallel. The two results for the system in series and for the system in parallel could then be compared. In order to conduct this investigation pump head (hpump), electrical power (Pelectrical), pump efficiency (ÃŽÂ ·pump) and volume flowrate (Q) were measured, firstly for the system in series and secondly for the system in parallel. Theoretically, when both systems are set at the same motor speed, the pump in series should have twice the Head value of the system in parallel, whereas the system in parallel should have twice the volume flowrate of the system in series. Meaning that both systems end up with the same mass flow. Whether the pumps are in series or in parallel should have no effect on the efficiency of the system. Head- Theory- Results- As expected the system in series has approximately twice the head value of the system in parallel. (Series18.22m: Parallel 9.2m) Volume Flowrate- Theory- Results- As expected the system in parallel has approximately twice the volume flowrate value of the system in series. (Series 0.883 : Parallel 1.63) Mass Flow- Theory- Results- Efficiency- Theory- Results-

Chapter 4 The Leaky Cauldron

It took Harry several days to get used to his strange new freedom. Never before had he been able to get up whenever he wanted or eat whatever he fancied. He could even go wherever he pleased, as long as it was in Diagon Alley, and as this long cobbled street was packed with the most fascinating wizarding shops in the world, Harry felt no desire to break his word to Fudge and stray back into the Muggle world. Harry ate breakfast each morning in the Leaky Cauldron, where he liked watching the other guests: funny little witches from the country, up for a day's shopping; venerable-looking wizards arguing over the latest article in Transfiguration Today; wild-looking warlocks; raucous dwarfs; and once, what looked suspiciously like a hag, who ordered a plate of raw liver from behind a thick woolen balaclava. After breakfast Harry would go out into the backyard, take out his wand, tap the third brick from the left above the trash bin, and stand back as the archway into Diagon Alley opened in the wall. Harry spent the long sunny days exploring the shops and eating under the brightly colored umbrellas outside cafes, where his fellow diners were showing one another their purchases (â€Å"It's a lunascope, old boy — no more messing around with moon charts, see?†) or else discussing the case of Sirius Black (â€Å"Personally, I won't let any of the children out alone until he's back in Azkaban†). Harry didn't have to do his homework under the blankets by flashlight anymore; now he could sit in the bright sunshine outside Florean Fortescue's Ice Cream Parlor, finishing all his essays with occasional help from Florean Fortescue himself, who, apart from knowing a great deal about medieval witch burnings, gave Harry free sundaes every half an hour. Once Harry had refilled his money bag with gold Galleons, silver Sickles, and bronze Knuts from his vault at Gringotts, he had to exercise a lot of self-control not to spend the whole lot at once. He had to keep reminding himself that he had five years to go at Hogwarts, and how it would feel to ask the Dursleys for money for spellbooks, to stop himself from buying a handsome set of solid gold Gobstones (a wizarding game rather like marbles, in which the stones squirt a nasty-smelling liquid into the other player's face when they lose a point). He was sorely tempted, too, by the perfect, moving model of the galaxy in a large glass ball, which would have meant he never had to take another Astronomy lesson. But the thing that tested Harry's resolution most appeared in his favorite shop, Quality Quidditch Supplies, a week after he'd arrived at the Leaky Cauldron. Curious to know what the crowd in the shop was staring at, Harry edged his way inside and squeezed in among the excited witches and wizards until he glimpsed a newly erected podium, on which was mounted the most magnificent broom he had ever seen in his life. â€Å"Just come out — prototype –† a square-jawed wizard was telling his companion. â€Å"It's the fastest broom in the world, isn't it, Dad?† squeaked a boy younger than Harry, who was swinging off his father's arm. â€Å"Irish International Side's just put in an order for seven of these beauties!† the proprietor of the shop told the crowd. â€Å"And they're favorites for the World Cup!† A large witch in front of Harry moved, and he was able to read the sign next to the broom: ** THE FIREBOLT ** THIS STATE-OF-THE-ART RACING BROOM SPORTS A STREAM-LINED, SUPERFINE HANDLE OF ASH, TREATED WITH A DIAMOND-HARD POLISH AND HAND-NUMBERED WITH ITS OWN REGISTRATION NUMBER. EACH INDIVIDUALLY SELECTED BIRCH TWIG IN THE BROOMTAIL HAS BEEN HONED TO AERODYNAMIC PERFECTION, GIVING THE FIREBOLT UNSURPASSABLE BALANCE AND PINPOINT PRECISION. THE FIREBOLT HAS AN ACCELERATION OF 150 MILES AN HOUR IN TEN SECONDS AND INCORPORATES AN UNBREAKABLE BRAKING CHARM. PRICE ON REQUEST. Price on request†¦Harry didn't like to think how much gold the Firebolt would cost. He had never wanted anything as much in his whole life — but he had never lost a Quidditch match on his Nimbus Two Thousand, and what was the point in emptying his Gringotts vault for the Firebolt, when he had a very good broom already? Harry didn't ask for the price, but he returned, almost every day after that, just to look at the Firebolt. There were, however, things that Harry needed to buy. He went to the Apothecary to replenish his store of potions ingredients, and as his school robes were now several inches too short in the arm and leg, he visited Madam Malkin's Robes for All Occasions and bought new ones. Most important of all, he had to buy his new schoolbooks, which would include those for his two new subjects, Care of Magical Creatures and Divination. Harry got a surprise as he looked in at the bookshop window. Instead of the usual display of gold-embossed spellbooks the size of paving slabs, there was a large iron cage behind the glass that held about a hundred copies of The Monster Book of Monsters. Torn pages were flying everywhere as the books grappled with each other, locked together in furious wrestling matches and snapping aggressively. Harry pulled his booklist out of his pocket and consulted it for the first time. The Monster Book of Monsters was listed as the required book for Care of Magical Creatures. Now Harry understood why Hagrid had said it would come in useful. He felt relieved; he had been wondering whether Hagrid wanted help with some terrifying new pet. As Harry entered Flourish and Blotts, the manager came hurrying toward him. â€Å"Hogwarts?† he said abruptly. â€Å"Come to get your new books?† â€Å"Yes,† said Harry, â€Å"I need –â€Å" â€Å"Get out of the way,† said the manager impatiently, brushing Harry aside. He drew on a pair of very thick gloves, picked up a large, knobbly walking stick, and proceeded toward the door of the Monster Books' cage. â€Å"Hang on,† said Harry quickly, â€Å"I've already got one of those.† â€Å"Have you?† A look of enormous relief spread over the manager's face. â€Å"Thank heavens for that. I've been bitten five times already this morning –â€Å" A loud ripping noise rent the air; two of the Monster Books had seized a third and were pulling it apart. â€Å"Stop it! Stop it!† cried the manager, poking the walking stick through the bars and knocking the books apart. â€Å"I'm never stocking them again, never! It's been bedlam! I thought we'd seen the worst when we bought two hundred copies of the Invisible Book of Invisibility — cost a fortune, and we never found them†¦Well†¦is there anything else I can help you with?† â€Å"Yes,† said Harry, looking down his booklist, â€Å"I need Unfogging the Future by Cassandra Vablatsky.† â€Å"Ah, starting Divination, are you?† said the manager, stripping off his gloves and leading Harry into the back of the shop, where there was a corner devoted to fortune-telling. A small table was stacked with volumes such as Predicting the Unpredictable: Insulate Yourself Against Shocks and Broken Balls: When Fortunes Turn Foul. â€Å"Here you are,† said the manager, who had climbed a set of steps to take down a thick, black-bound book. â€Å"Unfogging the Future. Very good guide to all your basic fortune-telling methods — palmistry, crystal balls, bird entrails.† But Harry wasn't listening. His eyes had fallen on another book, which was among a display on a small table: Death Omens — What to Do When You Know the Worst Is Coming. â€Å"Oh, I wouldn't read that if I were you,† said the manager lightly, looking to see what Harry was staring at. â€Å"You'll start seeing death omens everywhere. It's enough to frighten anyone to death.† But Harry continued to stare at the front cover of the book; it showed a black dog large as a bear, with gleaming eyes. It looked oddly familiar†¦ The manager pressed Unfogging the Future into Harry's hands. â€Å"Anything else?† he said. â€Å"Yes,† said Harry, tearing his eyes away from the dog's and dazedly consulting his booklist. â€Å"Er — I need Intermediate Transfiguration and The Standard Book of Spells, Grade Three.† Harry emerged from Flourish and Blotts ten minutes later with his new books under his arms and made his way back to the Leaky Cauldron, hardly noticing where he was going and bumping into several people. He tramped up the stairs to his room, went inside, and tipped his books onto his bed. Somebody had been in to tidy; the windows were open and sun was pouring inside. Harry could hear the buses rolling by in the unseen Muggle street behind him and the sound of the invisible crowd below in Diagon Alley. He caught sight of himself in the mirror over the basin. â€Å"It can't have been a death omen,† he told his reflection defiantly. â€Å"I was panicking when I saw that thing in Magnolia Crescent†¦It was probably just a stray dog†¦.† He raised his hand automatically and tried to make his hair lie flat â€Å"You're fighting a losing battle there, dear,† said his mirror in a wheezy voice. As the days slipped by, Harry started looking wherever he went for a sign of Ron or Hermione. Plenty of Hogwarts students were arriving in Diagon Alley now, with the start of term so near. Harry met Seamus Finnigan and Dean Thomas, his fellow Gryffindors, in Quality Quidditch Supplies, where they too were ogling the Firebolt; he also ran into the real Neville Longbottom, a round-faced, forgetful boy, outside Flourish and Blotts. Harry didn't stop to chat; Neville appeared to have mislaid his booklist and was being told off by his very formidable-looking grandmother. Harry hoped she never found out that he'd pretended to be Neville while on the run from the Ministry of Magic. Harry woke on the last day of the holidays, thinking that he would at least meet Ron and Hermione tomorrow, on the Hogwarts Express. He got up, dressed, went for a last look at the Firebolt, and was just wondering where he'd have lunch, when someone yelled his name and he turned. â€Å"Harry! HARRY!† They were there, both of them, sitting outside Florean Fortescue's Ice Cream Parlor — Ron looking incredibly freckly, Hermione very brown, both waving frantically at him. â€Å"Finally!† said Ron, grinning at Harry as he sat down. â€Å"We went to the Leaky Cauldron, but they said you'd left, and we went to Flourish and Blotts, and Madam Malkin's, and –â€Å" â€Å"I got all my school stuff last week,† Harry explained. â€Å"And how come you knew I'm staying at the Leaky Cauldron?† â€Å"Dad,† said Ron simply. Mr. Weasley, who worked at the Ministry of Magic, would of course have heard the whole story of what had happened to Aunt Marge. â€Å"Did you really blow up your aunt, Harry?† said Hermione in a very serious voice. â€Å"I didn't mean to,† said Harry, while Ron roared with laughter. â€Å"I just — lost control.† â€Å"It's not funny, Ron,† said Hermione sharply. â€Å"Honestly, I'm amazed Harry wasn't expelled.† â€Å"So am I,† admitted Harry. â€Å"Forget expelled, I thought I was going to be arrested.† He looked at Ron. â€Å"Your dad doesn't know why Fudge let me off, does he?† â€Å"Probably 'cause it's you, isn't it?† shrugged Ron, still chuckling. â€Å"Famous Harry Potter and all that. I'd hate to see what the Ministry'd do to me if I blew up an aunt. Mind you, they'd have to dig me up first, because Mum would've killed me. Anyway, you can ask Dad yourself this evening. We're staying at the Leaky Cauldron tonight too! So you can come to King's Cross with us tomorrow! Hermione's there as well!† Hermione nodded, beaming. â€Å"Mum and Dad dropped me off this morning with all my Hogwarts things.† â€Å"Excellent!† said Harry happily. â€Å"So, have you got all your new books and stuff?† â€Å"Look at this,† said Ron, pulling a long thin box out of a bag and opening it. â€Å"Brand-new wand. Fourteen inches, willow, containing one unicorn tail-hair. And we've got all our books –† He pointed at a large bag under his chair. â€Å"What about those Monster Books, eh? The assistant nearly cried when we said we wanted two.† â€Å"What's all that, Hermione?† Harry asked, pointing at not one but three bulging bags in the chair next to her. â€Å"Well, I'm taking more new subjects than you, aren't I,† said Hermione. â€Å"Those are my books for Arithmancy, Care of Magical Creatures, Divination, the Study of Ancient Runes, Muggle Studies –â€Å" â€Å"What are you doing Muggle Studies for?† said Ron, rolling his eyes at Harry. â€Å"You're Muggle-born! Your mum and dad are Muggles! You already know all about Muggles!† â€Å"But it'll be fascinating to study them from the wizarding point of view,† said Hermione earnestly. â€Å"Are you planning to eat or sleep at all this year, Hermione?† asked Harry, while Ron sniggered. Hermione ignored them. â€Å"I've still got ten Galleons,† she said, checking her purse. â€Å"It's my birthday in September, and Mum and Dad gave me some money to get myself an early birthday present.† â€Å"How about a nice book? said Ron innocently. â€Å"No, I don't think so,† said Hermione composedly. â€Å"I really want an owl. I mean, Harry's got Hedwig and you've got Errol –â€Å" â€Å"I haven't,† said Ron. â€Å"Errol's a family owl. All I've got is Scabbers.† He pulled his pet rat out of his pocket. â€Å"And I want to get him checked over,† he added, placing Scabbers on the table in front of them. â€Å"I don't think Egypt agreed with him.† Scabbers was looking thinner than usual, and there was a definite droop to his whiskers. â€Å"There's a magical creature shop just over there,† said Harry, who knew Diagon Alley very well by now. â€Å"You could see if they've got anything for Scabbers, and Hermione can get her owl.† So they paid for their ice cream and crossed the street to the Magical Menagerie. There wasn't much room inside. Every inch of wall was hidden by cages. It was smelly and very noisy because the occupants of these cages were all squeaking, squawking, jabbering, or hissing. The witch behind the counter was already advising a wizard on the care of double-ended newts, so Harry, Ron, and Hermione waited, examining the cages. A pair of enormous purple toads sat gulping wetly and feasting on dead blowflies. A gigantic tortoise with a jewel-encrusted shell was glittering near the window. Poisonous orange snails were oozing slowly up the side of their glass tank, and a fat white rabbit kept changing into a silk top hat and back again with a loud popping noise. Then there were cats of every color, a noisy cage of ravens, a basket of funny custard-colored furballs that were humming loudly, and on the counter, a vast cage of sleek black rats that were playing some sort of skipping game using their long, bald tails. The double-ended newt wizard left, and Ron approached the counter. â€Å"It's my rat,† he told the witch. â€Å"He's been a bit off-color ever since I brought him back from Egypt.† â€Å"Bang him on the counter,† said the witch, pulling a pair of heavy black spectacles out of her pocket. Ron lifted Scabbers out of his inside pocket and placed him next to the cage of his fellow rats, who stopped their skipping tricks and scuffled to the wire for a better took. Like nearly everything Ron owned, Scabbers the rat was secondhand (he had once belonged to Ron's brother Percy) and a bit battered. Next to the glossy rats in the cage, he looked especially woebegone. â€Å"Hm,† said the witch, picking up Scabbers. â€Å"How old is this rat?† â€Å"Dunno,† said Ron. â€Å"Quite old. He used to belong to my brother.† â€Å"What powers does he have?† said the witch, examining Scabbers closely. â€Å"Er –† The truth was that Scabbers had never shown the faintest trace of interesting powers. The witch's eyes moved from Scabbers's tattered left ear to his front paw, which had a toe missing, and tutted loudly. â€Å"He's been through the mill, this one,† she said. â€Å"He was like that when Percy gave him to me,† said Ron defensively. â€Å"An ordinary common or garden rat like this can't be expected to live longer than three years or so,† said the witch. â€Å"Now, if you were looking for something a bit more hard-wearing, you might like one of these –â€Å" She indicated the black rats, who promptly started skipping again. Ron muttered, â€Å"Show-offs.† â€Å"Well, if you don't want a replacement, you can try this rat tonic,† said the witch, reaching under the counter and bringing out a small red bottle. â€Å"Okay,† said Ron. â€Å"How much — OUCH!† Ron buckled as something huge and orange came soaring from the top of the highest cage, landed on his head, and then propelled itself, spitting madly, at Scabbers. â€Å"NO, CROOKSHANKS, NO!† cried the witch, but Scabbers shot from between her hands like a bar of soap, landed splay-legged on the floor, and then scampered for the door. â€Å"Scabbers!† Ron shouted, racing out of the shop after him; Harry followed. It took them nearly ten minutes to catch Scabbers, who had taken refuge under a wastepaper bin outside Quality Quidditch Supplies. Ron stuffed the trembling rat back into his pocket and straightened up, massaging his head. â€Å"What was that?† â€Å"It was either a very big cat or quite a small tiger,† said Harry. â€Å"Where's Hermione?† â€Å"Probably getting her owl.† They made their way back up the crowded street to the Magical Menagerie. As they reached it, Hermione came out, but she wasn't carrying an owl. Her arms were clamped tightly around the enormous ginger cat. â€Å"You bought that monster?† said Ron, his mouth hanging open. â€Å"He's gorgeous, isn't he?† said Hermione, glowing. That was a matter of opinion, thought Harry. The cat's ginger fur was thick and fluffy, but it was definitely a bit bowlegged and its face looked grumpy and oddly squashed, as though it had run headlong into a brick wall. Now that Scabbers was out of sight, however, the cat was purring contentedly in Hermione's arms. â€Å"Hermione, that thing nearly scalped me!† said Ron. â€Å"He didn't mean to, did you, Crookshanks?† said Hermione. â€Å"And what about Scabbers?† said Ron, pointing at the lump in his chest pocket. â€Å"He needs rest and relaxation! How's he going to get it with that thing around?† â€Å"That reminds me, you forgot your rat tonic,† said Hermione, slapping the small red bottle into Ron's hand. â€Å"And stop worrying, Crookshanks will be sleeping in my dormitory and Scabbers in yours, what's the problem? Poor Crookshanks, that witch said he'd been in there for ages; no one wanted him.† â€Å"Wonder why,† said Ron sarcastically as they set off toward the Leaky Cauldron. They found Mr. Weasley sitting in the bar, reading the Daily Prophet. â€Å"Harry!† he said, smiling as he looked up. â€Å"How are you?† â€Å"Fine, thanks,† said Harry as he, Ron, and Hermione joined Mr. Weasley with their shopping. Mr. Weasley put down his paper, and Harry saw the now familiar picture of Sirius Black staring up at him. â€Å"They still haven't caught him, then?† he asked. â€Å"No,† said Mr. Weasley, looking extremely grave. â€Å"They've pulled us all off our regular jobs at the Ministry to try and find him, but no luck so far.† â€Å"Would we get a reward if we caught him?† asked Ron. â€Å"It'd be good to get some more money –â€Å" â€Å"Don't be ridiculous, Ron,† said Mr. Weasley, who on closer inspection looked very strained. â€Å"Black's not going to be caught by a thirteen-year-old wizard. It's the Azkaban guards who'll get him back, You mark my words.† At that moment Mrs. Weasley entered the bar, laden with shopping bags and followed by the twins, Fred and George, who were about to start their fifth year at Hogwarts; the newly elected Head Boy, Percy; and the Weasleys† youngest child and only girl, Ginny. Ginny, who had always been very taken with Harry, seemed even more heartily embarrassed than usual when she saw him, perhaps because he had saved her life during their previous year at Hogwarts. She went very red and muttered â€Å"hello† without looking at him. Percy, however, held out his hand solemnly as though he and Harry had never met and said, â€Å"Harry. How nice to see you.† â€Å"Hello, Percy,† said Harry, trying not to laugh. â€Å"I hope you're well?† said Percy pompously, shaking hands. It was rather like being introduced to the mayor. â€Å"Very well, thanks –â€Å" â€Å"Harry!† said Fred, elbowing Percy out of the way and bowing deeply. â€Å"Simply splendid to see you, old boy –â€Å" â€Å"Marvelous,† said George, pushing Fred aside and seizing Harry's hand in turn. â€Å"Absolutely spiffing.† Percy scowled. â€Å"That's enough, now,† said Mrs. Weasley. â€Å"Mum!† said Fred, as though he'd only just spotted her and seizing her hand, too. â€Å"How really corking to see you –â€Å" â€Å"I said, that's enough,† said Mrs. Weasley, depositing her shopping in an empty chair. â€Å"Hello, Harry, dear. I suppose you've heard our exciting news?† She pointed to the brand-new silver badge on Percy's chest. â€Å"Second Head Boy in the family!† she said, swelling with pride. â€Å"And last,† Fred muttered under his breath. I don't doubt that,† said Mrs. Weasley, frowning suddenly. â€Å"I notice they haven't made you two prefects.† â€Å"What do we want to be prefects for?† said George, looking revolted at the very idea. â€Å"It'd take all the fun out of life.† Ginny giggled. â€Å"You want to set a better example for your sister!† snapped Mrs. Weasley. â€Å"Gunny's got other brothers to set her an example, Mother,† said Percy loftily. â€Å"I'm going up to change for dinner†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He disappeared and George heaved a sigh. â€Å"We tried to shut him in a pyramid,† he told Harry. â€Å"But Mum spotted us.† ****** Dinner that night was a very enjoyable affair. Tom the innkeeper put three tables together in the parlor, and the seven Weasleys, Harry, and Hermione ate their way through five delicious courses. â€Å"How're we getting to King's Cross tomorrow, Dad?† asked Fred as they dug into a sumptuous chocolate pudding. â€Å"The Ministry's providing a couple of cars,† said Mr. Weasley. Everyone looked up at him. â€Å"Why?† said Percy curiously. â€Å"It's because of you, Perce,† said George seriously. â€Å"And there'll be little flags on the hoods, with HB on them–â€Å" â€Å"– for Humongous Bighead,† said Fred. Everyone except Percy and Mrs. Weasley snorted into their pudding. â€Å"Why are the Ministry providing cars, Father?† Percy asked again, in a dignified voice. â€Å"Well, as we haven't got one anymore,† said Mr. Weasley, â€Å"and as I work there, they're doing me a favor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His voice was casual, but Harry couldn't help noticing that Mr. Wesley's ears had gone red, just like Ron's did when he was under pressure. â€Å"Good thing, too,† said Mrs. Weasley briskly. â€Å"Do you realize how much luggage you've all got between you? A nice sight you'd be on the Muggle Underground†¦You are all packed, aren't you?† â€Å"Ron hasn't put all his new things in his trunk yet,† said Percy, in a long-suffering voice. â€Å"He's dumped them on my bed.† â€Å"You'd better go and pack properly, Ron, because we won't have much time in the morning,† Mrs. Weasley called down the table. Ron scowled at Percy. After dinner everyone felt very full and sleepy. One by one they made their way upstairs to their rooms to check their things for the next day. Ron and Percy were next door to Harry. He had just closed and locked his own trunk when he heard angry voices through the wall, and went to see what was going on. The door of number twelve was ajar and Percy was shouting. â€Å"It was here, on the bedside table, I took it off for polishing –â€Å" â€Å"I haven't touched it, all right?† Ron roared back. â€Å"What's up?† said Harry. â€Å"My Head Boy badge is gone,† said Percy, rounding on Harry. â€Å"So's Scabbers's Rat Tonic,† said Ron, throwing things out of his trunk to look. â€Å"I think I might've left it in the bar –â€Å" â€Å"You're not going anywhere till you've found my badge!† yelled Percy. â€Å"I'll get Scabbers's stuff, I'm packed,† Harry said to Ron, and he went downstairs. Harry was halfway along the passage to the bar, which was now very dark, when he heard another pair of angry voices coming from the parlor. A second later, he recognized them as Mr. and Mrs. Weasleys†. He hesitated, not wanting them to know he'd heard them arguing, when the sound of his own name made him stop, then move closer to the parlor door. â€Å"†¦makes no sense not to tell him,† Mr. Weasley was saying heatedly. â€Å"Harry's got a right to know. I've tried to tell Fudge, but he insists on treating Harry like a child. He's thirteen years old and –â€Å" â€Å"Arthur, the truth would terrify him!† said Mrs. Weasley shrilly. â€Å"Do you really want to send Harry back to school with that hanging over him? For heaven's sake, he's happy not knowing!† â€Å"I don't want to make him miserable, I want to put him on his guard!† retorted Mr. Weasley. â€Å"You know what Harry and Ron are like, wandering off by themselves — they've ended up in the Forbidden Forest twice! But Harry mustn't do that this year! When I think what could have happened to him that night he ran away from home! If the Knight Bus hadn't picked him up, I'm prepared to bet he would have been dead before the Ministry found him.† â€Å"But he's not dead, he's fine, so what's the point –â€Å" â€Å"Molly, they say Sirius Black's mad, and maybe he is, but he was clever enough to escape from Azkaban, and that's supposed to be impossible. It's been three weeks, and no one's seen hide nor hair of him, and I don't care what Fudge keeps telling the Daily Prophet, we're no nearer catching Black than inventing self-spelling wands. The only thing we know for sure is what Black's after –â€Å" â€Å"But Harry will be perfectly safe at Hogwarts.† â€Å"We thought Azkaban was perfectly safe. If Black can break out of Azkaban, he can break into Hogwarts.† â€Å"But no one's really sure that Black's after Harry –â€Å" There was a thud on wood, and Harry was sure Mr. Weasley had banged his fist on the table. â€Å"Molly, how many times do I have to tell you? They didn't report it in the press because Fudge wanted it kept quiet, but Fudge went out to Azkaban the night Black escaped. The guards told Fudge that Blacks been talking in his sleep for a while now. Always the same words: â€Å"He's at Hogwarts†¦he's at Hogwarts.† Black is deranged, Molly, and he wants Harry dead. If you ask me, he thinks murdering Harry will bring You-Know-Who back to power. Black lost everything the night Harry stopped You-Know-Who, and he's had twelve years alone in Azkaban to brood on that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  There was a silence. Harry leaned still closer to the door, desperate to hear more. â€Å"Well, Arthur, you must do what you think is right. But you're forgetting Albus Dumbledore. I don't think anything could hurt Harry at Hogwarts while Dumbledore's Headmaster. I suppose he knows about all this?† â€Å"Of course he knows. We had to ask him if he minds the Azkaban guards stationing themselves around the entrances to the school grounds. He wasn't happy about it, but he agreed.† â€Å"Not happy? Why shouldn't he be happy, if they're there to catch Black?† â€Å"Dumbledore isn't fond of the Azkaban guards,† said Mr. Weasley heavily. â€Å"Nor am I, if it comes to that†¦but when you're dealing with a wizard like Black, you sometimes have to join forces with those you'd rather avoid.† â€Å"If they save Harry –â€Å" â€Å"?C then I will never say another word against them, said Mr. Weasley wearily. â€Å"It's late, Molly, we'd better go up†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Harry heard chairs move. As quietly as he could, he hurried down the passage to the bar and out of sight. The parlor door opened, and a few seconds later footsteps told him that Mr. and Mrs. Weasley were climbing the stairs. The bottle of rat tonic was lying under the table they had sat at earlier. Harry waited until he heard Mr. and Mrs. Wesley's bedroom door close, then headed back upstairs with the bottle. Fred and George were crouching in the shadows on the landing, heaving with laughter as they listened to Percy dismantling his and Ron's room in search of his badge. â€Å"We've got it,† Fred whispered to Harry. â€Å"We've been improving it.† The badge now read Bighead Boy. Harry forced a laugh, went to give Ron the rat tonic, then shut himself in his room and lay down on his bed. So Sirius Black was after him. This explained everything. Fudge had been lenient with him because he was so relieved to find him alive. He'd made Harry promise to stay in Diagon Alley where there were plenty of wizards to keep an eye on him. And he was sending two Ministry cars to take them all to the station tomorrow, so that the Weasleys could look after Harry until he was on the train. Harry lay listening to the muffled shouting next door and wondered why he didn't feel more scared. Sirius Black had murdered thirteen people with one curse; Mr. and Mrs., Weasley obviously thought Harry would be panic-stricken if he knew the truth. But Harry happened to agree wholeheartedly with Mrs. Weasley that the safest place on earth was wherever Albus Dumbledore happened to be. Didn't people always say that Dumbledore was the only person Lord Voldemort had ever been afraid of? Surely Black, as Voldemort's right-hand man, would be just as frightened of him? And then there were these Azkaban guards everyone kept talking about. They seemed to scare most people senseless, and if they were stationed all around the school, Black's chances of getting inside seemed very remote. No, all in all, the thing that bothered Harry most was the fact that his chances of visiting Hogsmeade now looked like zero. Nobody would want Harry to leave the safety of the castle until Black was caught; in fact, Harry suspected his every move would be carefully watched until the danger had passed. He scowled at the dark ceiling. Did they think he couldn't look after himself? He'd escaped Lord Voldemort three times; he wasn't completely useless†¦. Unbidden, the image of the beast in the shadows of Magnolia Crescent crossed his mind. What to do when you know the worst is coming†¦ â€Å"I'm not going to be murdered,† Harry said out loud. â€Å"That's the spirit, dear,† said his mirror sleepily.

Why is Human Memory Subject to Error?

Human memory is subject to error because human memory Is Imperfect Just Like many things In nature. The way we perceive things are not always accurate. Memory is not like a movie camera it is reconstructive. According to Wade & Travis (2012), â€Å"Because memory is reconstructive, it is subject to confabulation–confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened† (p. 266). In essence infatuation is hearing a story or an event and believing that story or event is† your† story or event.Memories that have been affected by confabulation can feel real even though the memories are false. Memories can be subjected to error because sometimes our memories piece together many parts and merge them all into one memory which is known as source misinformation. What might influence human memory? Memories can be influenced by many factors to Include but not limited to the power of suggestion, stress/anxiety, brain Injuries, mental Illness, and traumatic events. Those are a few of the influences I believe affect human memory.Human memory can be influenced by people we trust either directly or indirectly telling the subject that something happened when it did not actually happen. When we are affected by high stress or anxiety we may not correctly remember details. When the human brain has an Injury or is affected by mental Illness memories can be Influenced by improper thought processes. Traumatic events can Influence human memory by altering a subject's memory as a form of self-preservation. Through my personal experiences I have seen many of the above listed influence human memory.In light of the points that the Loft's article brings up, what kind of implications do the limitations of human memory have on eye-witness testimony? I believe that some of the Implications of the limitation of human memory have on eye-witness testimony Is the unreliabilit y of human memory and human emotions. According to Abramson, memory experts such as Loft's have been proving that not only Is memory unreliable, it can also be so utterly manipulated as to render it next-to- selves as pivotal evidence in criminal cases†.Memories that have been manipulated can provide incorrect testimony and without any further evidence can wrongfully convict an innocent person. In closing I believe that memories are a snap shot of a moving picture which can be changed or altered as a subject's memory sees fit.

Napoleons Collapse Essay - 2767 Words

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses By Lucas Research Outline I. Introduction - (Brief comment leading into subject matter - Thesis statement on the reasons why Napoleon’s empire collapsed) II. Body – Napoleon’s success and the process of the downfall, the reasons why the empire collapsed A. Napoleon’s story 1. Napoleon’s success a. Napoleon rose through the army b. Napoleon defeated Coalitions and became the emperor 2. The process of the downfall of the empire a. Many Coalitions were held against Napoleon b. Napoleon was force to abdicate, but he became the emperor again c. Waterloo Napoleons Last Battle B. The reasons of the downfall of the†¦show more content†¦Since Napoleon’s decision showed no respect but metamorphic confidence, the Spanish fought him off. Napoleon’s optimism predicted Napoleon’s failure as well. In 1814, Napoleon defeated the Anti-French troop at Brenner city; he thought he would win again. He separated his troops in order to attack his enemies, but he did not realize that he left the way to Paris unimpeded for his enemies. It led Napoleon to the loss of the wars against the sixth Anti-Fren ch Coalition. Moreover, Napoleon’s bravery made him succeed in his wars, but it also made him ignore his soldiers’ feelings. Once he got involved in a battle, he would fight until he won. So once he lost, he lost his army’s power, soldiers and morale. After losing those important foundations, he was not able to control such a huge empire any more. Beside those positive characters, Napoleon also had some negative characters that overset him. Ambition is the uppermost characteristics that made his empire collapse quickly. For example, in 1812, Napoleon’s ambition extended to Russia. His army invaded Russia. Alexander I carried out a scorched-earth policy. Whatever Napoleon captured, the Russians burnt everything before retreating. Day after day, Napoleon’s army ran out of supplies. 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